Story Requires Community (Against Ethics for Everyone)

“There can be no sanctification of individuals without a sanctified people.  We need examples and masters, and if we are without either, the church cannot exist as a people who are are pledged to be different from the world…[This leads to] the status and necessity of the church as the locus for Christian ethical reflection.  It is from the church that Christian ethics draws its ethical substance and it is to the church that Christian ethical reflection is first addressed.  Christian ethics is not written for everyone, but for those people who have been formed by the God of Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and Jesus.  Therefore Christian ethics can never be a minimalistic ethic for everyone, but must presuppose a sanctified people wanting to live more faithful to God’s story.

The fact that Christian ethics begins and ends with a story requires a corresponding community existing across time.  The story of God as told through the experience of Israel and the church cannot be abstracted from those communities engaged in the telling and the hearing.  As a story it cannot exist without a historic people, for it requires telling and remembering if it is to exist at all.  God has entrusted his presence to a historic and contingent community which can never rest on its past success, but must be renewed generation after generation.  That is why the story is not merely told but embodied in a people’s habits that form and are formed in worship, governance, and morality.

Therefore the existence of Israel and the church are not accidentally related to the story but are necessary for our knowledge of God.  You cannot tell the story of God without including within it the story of Israel and the church.  So it is not odd that as part of the creed we affirm that we believe in the One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church…It is only through such a people that the world can know that our God is one who wills nothing else than our good…

In a sense, the place of the Bible can be misleading in this respect, because it may appear that Scripture conveys the story regardless of the existence of a historic people.  You do not need an intergenerational community.  All you need is the story told rightly in a book.  But the Bible without the community, without expounders and interpreters, and hearers is a dead book.” (Stanley Hauerwas, The Peaceable Kingdom: A Primer in Christian Ethics, pp. 97-98)

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Strategies of Evasion (i.e. The History of the Interpretation of the Sermon on the Mount)

“The history of the impact of the Sermon on the Mount can largely be described in terms of an attempt to domesticate everything in it that is shocking, demanding, and uncompromising, and render it harmless.  ‘Time and time again,’ writes Gunther Bornkamm, ‘Christianity, especially with the assistance of its theology, has known so well and still knows how to intercept, so to speak, the thrust of Jesus’ challenge, to divert it and to settle down peacefully in spite of it.’” (Pinchas Lapide, The Sermon on the Mount: Utopia or Program for Action?, p. 3)

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The Tragic Element in Church History (According to Acts)

“Inasmuch as the communal embodiment of God’s revelation involves the potential for cultural collapse [among non-Christian environments], Acts’ ‘good for them even though they don’t know it’ claim is startling, even offensive.  To modern ears it will likely sound the warning bells of triumphalism, imperialism, and so forth.  That such bells should ring, however, is largely a result of the history effected by the changes in the Roman empire in the fourth century rather than a close reading of the text.  Our awareness of the warring and repressive Christian emperors, Augustine’s argument for coercion in the Donatist controversy, the medieval crusades, colonialism, and many other ecclesial cancers makes it extremely difficult not to read Acts with the knowledge that Christians could eventually do great harm in the name of particular theological construals of the mission of God–and indeed, we should not attempt to bracket out such knowledge precisely because it enables us to ask necessarily pointed questions of our normative texts.  Yet, there is simply no trace in Acts of the ‘common Christian argument that coercing the other will do him or her good’ [Moshe Habertal, a famous Jewish scholar]…

We must ask if the narration of cultural collapse as part of the outworking of the good that comes to the pagan world via the Christian mission leads in the logic of Acts to the coercive making of Christians ‘for their own good.’  There is a direct answer to this question: No.  The narrative logic of Acts points in another direction altogether…

Its vision of human life together [is] grounded entirely in the identity of the Lord of all.  Insofar as the formation of Christian community is the cultural explication of this identity, the political vision of Acts cannot be sundered from the life of the universal Lord.  Whether Luke knows the Pauline conception of the church as the ‘body of Christ’ is open to debate, but that Acts narrates the life of the Christian mission as the embodied pattern of Jesus’ life is not.  Put succinctly, according to Acts, the missio Dei has a Christological norm…

This norm is displayed narratively in the shape of the life of the Lord’s disciples–Stephen, Peter, and Paul above all, but also the communities in Jerusalem, Iconium, Thessalonica, and elsewhere–where the pattern of a willingness to suffer even unto death is the mimetic reproduction of Jesus’ own life as narrated in the Gospel of Luke and retold in the speeches of Acts.  Thus the truth claim about Jesus’ Lordship does not lead in Acts to a narrative blueprint for the need to coerce others for their own good but to a form of mission that rejects violence as a way to ground peaceful community and instead witnesses to the Lord’s life of rejection and crucifixion by living it in publicly perceivable communities derisively called Christians.  The claim to universal truth is not thin but thick, or enfleshed–shown to be what it is in the living out of the person’s life about whom the claim is made.  According to Acts, therefore, to be the community that claims to know the Lord of all is to be in the world in just such a way as the Lord himself was.  Theologically said, ecclesiology is public Christology.

The narrative logic of Acts thus cannot be read as leading to the coercion of the religious other, but in fact must be seen to oppose all such moves that would contradict the nature of Jesus’ own Lordship.  In this light, the text of Acts compels us to read the later development of coercive measures in the history of the church as fundamental and tragic departures from the normative witness of scripture, a turning of the ecclesial back on the foundational narrative of Christian mission.  If we are thinking along with Acts, we can see, furthermore, that these departures  are not simply wayward moments in an otherwise forward-marching ecclesial history.  Rather, recalling the thick or lived character of a truth claim, we should understand them as evidence of a much deeper problem in the Christian witness to the universal Lord: the potential to live a false life, to embody the lie that renders untrue practically the claim that Jesus is Lord of all…Hence does the tension that lies at the heart of Acts produce both an unavoidable conflict over the truth of a claim to a comprehensive way of life and a description of that conflict as witness rather than coercion.” (C. Kavin Rowe, World Upside Down: Reading Acts in the Graeco-Roman Age, pp. 172-74)

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The Absurdity of Musicians Leaving the Stage to Be Ushers

“The ultimate justification for the mandate of the state is to be found within the mandate of the church.  The mandate of the church, the mandate to overcome evil, is the superior mandate; the mandate of the state, that of keeping evil in check, only has meaning because the church is accomplishing its mission.  Ephesians 3:10 makes similar claims when it says that the church is to proclaim to the ‘powers’ that God’s ultimate purpose is the building of a church.  Again the early church dared to be audacious, claiming that the glorious Roman Empire, standing as something unique in world history, existed for one purpose only: that God could use a small, despised bunch of fishermen and tax collectors to carry forth the name of an executed Galilean from Jerusalem into the whole world…State sponsored religions everywhere have viewed religion as support for the state–an educating, morality-teaching, consecrating power.  The Christian faith inverted this relationship and viewed the world-embracing empire as merely a support system, subservient to the real work God is accomplishing in the world…

In terms of its service to the state and to the general welfare, the church serves most effectively and in its most essential and irreplaceable way when it seriously goes about the business of being Christian, proclaiming the Gospel, modeling an exemplary community life, and praying for all people.  The Christian who wants to put the role of Christian living into second place in order to serve the state as a first priority is like a musician who leaves the stage in order to work as an usher in the concert hall.  Of course the usher is also necessary; but the musician cannot be replaced in his or her role.  And musicians, of all people, should know that they are of most value when they perform the role that no one else can fill.  If the musician is not on stage, and there is therefore no concert, then the usher’s role has no meaning either.” (John Howard Yoder, Discipleship as Political Responsibility, pp. 22-23, 44-45)

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The Job Description of the Church

“The divine mandate of the church consists in overcoming evil through the cross…The posture of the Christian in relation to evil fits into the category of ‘following Jesus.’  This concept has become so familiar, so commonplace, so cheap, that we do not properly understand what following really means.  What it means is something completely revolutionary.

The early church believed that God was at work within the church by means of Jesus Christ living on within it…The early church did not view the way of the cross which the church traveled in following Jesus as some sort of extra moral achievement, something that would have been optional and commendable, but which they could have done without.  They viewed it as something that belongs to the very essence of God’s salvation plan for the world.  The cross-carrying following which the church practices, that is the continuing life of Jesus through his Spirit in the members of his body, is not an implication, something tackled on; rather it is part of his saving work.  That is what the New Testament means when it speaks of following, of the body of Christ, of the Holy Spirit–that God’s continuing work today is no less valid, no less divine, no less urgent than it was from the start.  Just as God was at work through the person of God’s own Son, so God continues to be at work in the church in the form of the Spirit.

It is self-evident, and never to be forgotten, that the cross of the church has no meaning without Jesus.  Suffering in itself does not accomplish any saving work.  But we are too reluctant to confess the other side along with the Scriptures, namely, that without the cross of the church, the cross of Christ would be emptied.” (John Howard Yoder, Discipleship as Political Responsibility, pp. 21-22)

 

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Being Truly Human Again in the Church

“It is essential to the Church that nothing human is foreign to it.  It is always and everywhere the Church of man, a Church of particular ages and peoples, and languages and cultures…In the Church the boundaries of humanity are respected and guarded.  The Church does not worship idols.  It does not cultivate ideologies…In that which makes it differ from the world, the Church is even more worldly than the world, more humanistic than the humanists.  In it, it comes nearer to the real meaning of every human tragedy-comedy.” (Karl Barth, God in Action, pp. 27-28)

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Karl Barth the Anabaptist(?)

“The Church will gain true courage and genuine significance whenever and wherever it is firmly resolved to resign the false courage and counterfeit significance–the courage of large numbers, of moral qualities, of activistic programs, of effect on and appreciation from those without–with the intent of putting its sole confidence in what founds and preserves it as it unites in lending an open ear to what God has spoken…

The deep reason of its [the world’s] unrest is its refusal to confess its profane character.  The Church is aware of this secret of the world.  It must not permit itself to be befuddled by reproaches and accusations.  Just so it is truly loyal to the world.  But this faithfulness of the Church to the world is after all possible only as the reverse side of an entirely different loyalty…In this faithfulness [to God], the Church’s faithfulness to the world is rooted…

There is no danger that a spirit of domination will die out either in public or private life.  The state represents sovereignty, culture means dominion, and even the best and purest development of human nature is a will-to-rule.  There is not one among us who does not have a share in some such rule, and there is none who does not somehow strive for it.  And the rule of men is always sinful and perverse.  In spite of this insight, the Church has always acknowledged–also in this respect, obedient to the Scriptures–that this sinful and perverse government among men is a necessary divine order to restrain its equally sinful and perverse freedom.

Just as definitely, however, the Church has found its calling to consist in something else than in the establishment and maintenance of such a rule.  It will give to Caesar what is Caesar’s, but it can never give its unconditional sanction to any such form of mastery, to any form of the state or trend of culture.  It cannot join hands with any of them for better or worse.  It is in no wise its office to undergird man and aid his ascendancy.  Where it does affirm man’s rule over men it will do so in reverence of the hidden intent of God and not of the only-too-patent plans of man.  It will have regard for the patience and wisdom of God who knows to set bounds to sin even by sin itself.  But for the sake of God and man, it will keep its hands free for its own peculiar task.  The sign which it is called to erect is a sign other than the sign of dominion.  For this reason, it will not conceive its task to be the establishment of a rule of its own.  It will not proceed to build a city of God in opposition to the cities of the world…

The sign which the Church must erect–or rather, the sign under which the Church has been placed from its very inception reads: Service, and not rule!” (Karl Barth, “The Church,” in God in Action)

 

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Against Inconsistency in “Christian” Political Strategies

“I am reminded of a story I heard years ago in Germany when Walter Ulbricht, the German Communist leader, was head of the German Democratic Republic.  It was said that Ulbricht once had a conversation with Karl Barth about the new society that was being built in East Germany.  Ulbricht boasted to Barth that the Communists would be teaching the Ten Commandments in the schools and that the precepts of the decalogue would provide the moral foundation for the new society.  Barth listened politely and then said: ‘I have only one question, Herr Minister.  Will you also be teaching the First Commandment?” (Robert L. Wilken, Remembering the Christian Past, p. 62)

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The Transfigured Rendition of the Most Beautiful Dream of Politics

“In these times everything is politics.  The viewpoint of the religious [i.e. the Christian] is worlds apart from this, just as the starting point and ultimate goal are also worlds apart, since the political begins on earth in order to remain on earth, while the religious, taking its beginning from above, wants to transfigure and then to lift the earthly to heaven.

An impatient politician who hastily glances at these pages will certainly find only little for his upbuilding–so be it.  If, however, he would kindly be a little patient, I am convinced that he, too, will become aware, even in the brief suggestions communicated on these pages, that the religious is the transfigured rendition of what a politician, provided he actually loves being a human being and loves humankind, has thought in his most blissful moment, even in he will find the religious too lofty and too ideal to be practical.

This cannot disturb the religious person, who certainly knows that Christianity is and is called the practical religion but also knows that the prototype [Jesus] and the relative prototypes [Christians] normatively formed accordingly, each one separately, managed by their many years of exertion, work, and disinterestedness to become nothing in the world, laughed to scorn, insulted, etc.–which then to a politician must seem the peak of impracticality…But although ‘impractical,’ yet the religious is eternity’s transfigured rendition of the most beautiful dream of politics.  No politics has been able, no politics is able, no worldliness has been able, no worldliness is able to think through or to actualize to the ultimate consequences this idea: human-equality, human-likeness…If perfect equality, likeness, should be achieved, then worldliness ceases to be.  But is it not, then, like an obsession, that worldliness has gotten the idea of wanting to force it in a worldly way–in worldliness, world-likeness!  Ultimately only the essentially religious can with the help of eternity effect human equality, the godly, the essential, the not-worldly, the true, the only possible human equality; and this is also why–be it said to its glorification–the essentially religious is the true humanity.

Yet just one word more, if I may.  What the times demand–yes, who could ever finish figuring that out…What the times in the deepest sense need can be totally and completely expressed in one single word–the times need: eternity.  The misfortune of our age is precisely that it has become merely time by itself, temporality, which impatiently wants to hear nothing about eternity and subsequently, well-intentioned or furious, even wants to make the eternal utterly superfluous by means of a contrived imitation, which will never in all eternity succeed, because the more we think that we are able to or harden our hearts to be able to dispense with the eternal, all the more do we stand basically in need of just that.” (Soren Kierkegaard, Preface to “The Single Individual: Two ‘Notes’ Concerning My Work as an Author,” in The Point of View, edited and translated by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong, pp. 103-04)

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Why (And How) Hauerwas Is Ready To Rule The World

“I confess I often enjoy making liberal friends, particularly American liberal friends, nervous by acknowledging that I am of course a theocrat.  ‘Jesus is Lord’ is not my personal opinion; I take it to be a determinative political claim.  So I am ready to rule.  The difficulty is that following a crucified Lord entails embodying a politics that cannot resort to coercion and violence; it is a politics of persuasion all the way down.  It is a tiring business that is slow and time-consuming, but then we, that is, Christians, believe that by redeeming time Christ has given us all the time we need to pursue peace.  Christ, through the Holy Spirit, bestows upon his disciples the long-suffering patience necessary to resist any politics whose impatience makes coercion and violence the only and inevitable response to conflict…

Christ’s  humanity means that no account of the church is possible which does not require material expression that is rightly understood as a politics.  Church matters matter not only for the church; but we believe what is a necessity for the church is a possibility for all that is not the church.” (Stanley Hauerwas, Approaching the End: Eschatological Reflections on Church, Politics, and Life, pp. 82, 85)

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